Start For Life. StrongWomen - Healthy Hearts. The Mediterranean Eating Plan. Trim Kids. Weight Loss For Life. The program is designed to promote healthy dietary habits and increase physical activity among children aged years to reduce obesity. Clinical, Other Settings, Religious establishments, Workplace.
Designed to promote healthy dietary habits to markedly reduce major risk factors for chronic disease. Designed to promote healthy dietary habits and increase physical activity to reduce obesity. Designed for pediatric primary care practices to promote healthy dietary habits and increase physical activity to reduce obesity.
Obesity is an important health problem not only in developedcountries but also in developing countries aswell. Non-compliance with obesity treatment is quite high among pediatric patients. Physical activity to increase the compliance of children with obesity management programmes is discussed in this paper. Physical activity programmes do not have enough consideration in courses of medical students. Therefore, this paper will be very helpfull for physicians in obesity treatment.
Changing lifestyles reduce the time spent by children on physical activity during the day. The result is an increasing frequency of childhood obesity, which has become one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood.
Furthermore, the treatment of obesity in childhood is quite difficult, and the most common problem is non-compliance with obesity treatment.
The path that will facilitate the adaptation to treatment comprises nutrition regulation and increased daily physical activity and psychological support. Diet alone leads to a significant reduction in both fat and non-fat body mass. However, adding exercise to dietary therapy improves weight loss by maintaining non-fat body mass.
Even though exercise alone has little effect on weight loss, it provides a significant reduction in mortality. Moreover, regular physical exercise is also an important factor in regulating body composition during growth. Short-term frequent exercises are more entertaining and more accessible forms of exercise dancing at home for children, and enhance compliance with treatment. Starting treatment as soon as possible will also increase behavioral effectiveness and compliance. This paper focuses on the basics of exercise therapy, which is extremely beneficial for both healthy and obese children.
Although obesity has been defined as the most common health problem in modern societies; currently, it is a problem with gradually increasing frequency both in developed and developing countries.
Different studies conducted in Turkey also showed similar results [the prevalence of obesity is Obesity is also considered one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood. Considering that childhood obesity continues into adulthood, and leads to a predisposition to many chronic diseases, the importance of fighting obesity in this period is clear.
Treatment of childhood obesity is considerably difficult. Poor patient motivation and inability of parents to spare time for their children have been reported as the most important factors that cause low treatment efficiency in children and adolescents 5.
As a result, we confront non-compliance with obesity treatment in children as the most common problem. When the two studies were compared, it was noted that non-compliance with treatment was higher in children. Murtagh et al. According to this study, continuance of the activities recommended for treatment was impossible without constant emotional support presented at individual level.
Obstacles to support were defined as inability to abandon present habits, delayed recognition of the problems by parents, and negative experiences at previous presentations to healthcare institutions because of being overweight 8. For successful treatment, the causes of obesity should primarily be identified accurately, and good team work is essential. In the treatment of obese children, cooperation of pediatricians, psychiatrists Child-Adolescent , dieticians, and sports physicians, if possible, will provide an increase in treatment compliance and positive outcomes 9.
In addition to team work, another way to enhance treatment compliance includes adjusting nutrition and providing psychological support together with physical activity Table 1. Moreover, cooperation with families, social circles, and teachers is also essential in establishing permanent and positive behavioral changes in children.
In a study conducted by Danielsson et al. These results indicate that initiating treatment as soon as possible increases the efficiency of behavioral therapy and treatment compliance 10 , This article will emphasize the fundamentals of exercise treatment, which is very helpful for both healthy and obese children, and is mostly ignored.
Changing lifestyles reduces the daily time period during which children are active. Unfortunately, a child involuntarily stuck at home burns very little energy with indoor activities e. After a sedentary lifestyle is established, it is very difficult to develop behavioral modification in daily life.
There are numerous studies evaluating the association between physical activity and overweight and obesity in children and adolescents 13 — These studies have found a positive correlation between reduced physical activity and overweight and obesity. Mostly, exercise walking, swimming, running, jogging, and aerobics and outdoor sports volleyball, soccer, cricket, badminton and table tennis are defined as physical activity.
Physical activity tends to decrease especially in the 11—year age group. The Turkey Nutrition and Health Survey reported that the mean time spent by children aged between 2 and 5 years for sedentary activity TV, computer, internet in was 3. The level of regular exercise was considerably low; Total and visceral adipose depots decrease, lean mass index increases, energy consumption at rest, and the insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue increases with exercise.
In addition, the vessels improve endothelial function, and free fatty acids, low-density lipoprotein LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels decrease, high-density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol increases, and metabolic and cardiovascular complications are reduced Lean body mass is the most important factor that determines basal metabolism rate. Therefore, exercises that aim at increasing muscle mass are generally recommended. Exercise alone provides little weight reduction, but causes a significant reduction in mortality rates because of the above-mentioned effects.
Regular physical exercise is an important factor for the regulation of body composition during growth. Lean body mass develops with a two-fold higher rate in boys compared with girls when transferring from early adolescence to late adolescence.
In girls, however, adipose mass develops with a two-fold higher rate compared with boys. Great lean mass is important in terms of exercises that need strength including pushing and weightlifting. However, this is the exercise type that should be limited during this period; jumping or sprinting should be recommended more.
Generally, exercises that increase strength are recommended at the end of somatic growth after the age of 16—18 years late adolescence Exercise types and examples for children 22 :. Aerobic exercise: This type of exercise increases heart rate and respiratory strength. Examples include: skateboarding, paddle, dancing, basketball, soccer, volleyball, tennis, swimming, gymnastics, jumping rope, house cleaning, running, and cycling.
Bone strengthening: Recommended to perform at least three times weekly, e. Extension Strain : Causes muscles to become more elastic and there is less risk of injury, e. In exercise recommendations for children, exercise programs corresponding to the English acronym FITT Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type , which means having a high level of conditioning, are recommended Table 2 Table 3 describes the intensity of exercise.
Table 4 shows physical exercise programs that can be recommended by applying the FITT principles in children and adolescents, and Figure 1 shows a weekly activity pyramid. Compatibility recommendations in exercise treatment in obesity FITT Exercise intensity Physical exercise programs that can be recommended by applying FITT principles in children and adolescents 20 , Addition of moderate aerobic exercise to diet therapy increases weight loss slightly.
During weight loss, aerobic exercise decreases loss of lean mass, and resistance exercise enhances weight loss while preserving lean mass. Diet alone causes a marked reduction in lean body mass LMN in addition to reducing fat.
In addition, exercise may contribute to weight loss by leading to a behavioral change enabling children to pay attention to their diets. In children, starting with very high intensity exercise may cause injuries. Therefore, one should start with low intensity exercise and the intensity should be increased gradually. Programs given to children are not different from adults. The study's authors suggest that the consumption of energy and protein among elementary school students exceeds the recommended dietary allowances.
This, together with a lack of physical exercise, results in a high rate of obesity, especially for those in urban areas. Meanwhile, secondary and upper secondary school students suffer from malnutrition due to low intake of energy, iron, zinc and various types of vitamins. It also found that a clear contrast between rural and urban areas in terms of nutritional conditions. While rural areas suffer from malnutrition, their urban counterparts experience considerable obesity rates.
Truong Tuyet Mai, deputy director of the National Nutrition Institute, told the news source that new policies and programs are needed to alleviate nutritional deficiencies and establish sensible diets for young children. She also said physical activity must be encouraged. The head of the institute, Tran Thuy Nga, agreed and elaborated that an intervention plan must be implemented to establish an educational program about healthcare and nutrition in schools.
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